Edgar Allan Poe s Natural Gift For The Art Of Literature

Edgar Allan Poe expanded on his natural gift for the art of literature through his parental history and his eventful life, with ups and downs, love and critique. This man found success in small doses, quickly to be taken away for him—even in his last, sorrowful years. Despite everything, it’s obvious that his natural gift for writing didn’t give him the choice to become a writer—author and poet, he was fated to this career path. Starting off his parental history, there’s the predisposed event of his birth on January 19, 1809. His mother, an actress living in the time of Founding Fathers—only a decade after American Revolution—didn’t have the most prestigious career path, as the arts were underappreciated. Theatre was mocked, and Edgar’s mother, Elizabeth Arnold, was faced with the illegality of Massachusetts law against such literary art. Then, there’s David Poe Jr., who was Edgar’s father. This man wasnâ₠¬â„¢t present for Edgar’s birth, and he was dead soon after, just like Elizabeth. She died of tuberculosis at the age of 24. Little Edgar, aged between two and three, is left parentless. One might assume that the parents of Edgar Allan Poe left no impact upon him other than being an orphan; on the contrary, Elizabeth and David had everything to do with Edgar’s life. There are parallels seen through the relationship between the men in Edgar’s life to the relationship between David and Edgar, and the same can be said with the women in Edgar’s life and Elizabeth. PicturingShow MoreRelatedBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesBrief Survey of American Literature 1. Beginnings to 1700 Great mixing of peoples from the whole Atlantic basin Bloody conflicts between Native Americans (or American Indians) and European explorers and settlers who had both religious and territorial aspirations - Native American oral literature / oral tradition - European explorers’ letters, diaries, reports, etc., such as Christopher Columbus’s letters about his voyage to the â€Å"New world†. - Anglo (New England) settlers’ books, sermonsRead MoreWalts Whitmans Vision of America in Leaves of Grass17685 Words   |  71 Pagescompletely†©remove†©nature†©from†©their†©lives.†© As†©for†©the†©symbol†©of†©the†©axe,†©or†©broadaxe,†©it†©was†©commonly†©used†©in†©the†©19th†©century†© to†©shape†©timber†©used†©to†©build†©log†©cabins.†©These†©are†©the†©places†©where†©man†©is†©closest†©to†© nature†©and†©can†©revert†©to†©his†©natural†©form.†©It†©allows†©him†©to†©reflect†©and†©observe,†©far†©away†© from†© society.†© Henry†© David†© Thoreau†© went†© to†© live†© in†© a†© wood†© cabin†© for†© two†© years.†© He†© relatedâ⠂¬ ©this†©experience†©in†©an†©essay†©called†©Walden†©which†©might†©have†©influenced†©Whitman†© whose†© career

Analysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken - 808 Words

Justice Craig April 25, 2016 Poetry Analysis â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh/Somewhere ages and ages hence:/Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--/I took the one less traveled by†¦Ã¢â‚¬  these are famous lines from a classic poem written by Robert Frost. The poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† was one of many poems written by Frost. This well-known poem is about the struggle of a traveler decision between two routes he could take. It has both literal and metaphorical meaning; the roads can also symbolize two paths of life to follow. The Road Not Taken is told from a first-person point of view. The narrator describes the events that happened to him, using I to describe himself. This point of view allows the reader to understand the character s thoughts and actions to the full extent. The poet adheres to a traditional style. One of the major themes in this poem is indecision. This is based on the reality that the person in the poem has to choose between two paths in the woods. Both paths have equally been worn but he must only walk one road. Metaphorically, the speaker has to decide between â€Å"staying on the straight and narrow† easier path and the other which, perhaps, may be the better moral choice. While sometimes it may be easier to take a path in life that is smoother, the narrator states that the path that is less traveled is the better one. Taking that path made a difference in his life. In this poem, the word road means a path that someone can travelShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken 849 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† poem, and is present in the poetic piece of Blanche Farley’s â€Å"The Lover Not Taken.† A large percentage of the stanzas in each poem harmonize each other, and they both use similar words . For example, in the first stanza of each poem and be one traveler, long I stood (Frost), and and mulling it over, long she stood. (Blanche). Both lines are two peas in a pod, and they are a five stanza poem that identically rhyme. Although both poems share many similar aspectsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken 1191 Words   |  5 Pages The poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is about how the author himself has come to a split in a path while walking in the woods without a map. The season is fall, and the leaves are turning red and yellow. He isn’t sure which way he should go, and he wishes he didn’t have to choose and could go both ways. He looks down one path as far as he can see, but he then decides to take the other. The path he decides to take is not quite as worn as the other one, the leaves are freshly fallen with no foot prints orRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken By Gwendolyn Brooks980 Words   |  4 PagesFor my analysi s I chose to look at two poems where the authors transform the readers into the speakers. I will be analyzing â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost and â€Å"the mother† by Gwendolyn Brooks. Both of these poems show decisions made on the speakers part and how the reader can relate to the speakers feelings about their decisions. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† opens with a man in the woods, looking down two equally worn paths. It is a reflection on his part. This incident happened in the past and yearsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe analysis of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has been up for debate since the poem release in 1916. It is known to be one of the most frequently misinterpreted poems of all time, and even Robert Frost himself has said the poem is â€Å"tricky† to comprehend (The). When analyzing this poem many readers tend to focus only on the last lines of the poem and get caught in a trap of selective-interpretation. Quite a few people after reading Robert Frost’s poem firmly conclude that this poem is aboutRead MoreRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 PagesFrost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a grea t clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helped to createRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost912 Words   |  4 Pagesdepicts this dilemma in his poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken. The Road Not Taken is a narrative poem consisting of four stanzas of iambic tetrameter and was published in 1916 in the collection Mountain Interval. In this poem, Robert Frost uses title, imagery, and theme to complicate and lead the reader to unknowingly misunderstand the poem. Through careful explication of these elements of Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† one may discover the true meaning to the ironic and trivial poem that has endured the manyRead MoreThe Road Not Taken A nalysis987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Road Not Taken Analysis The Road Not Taken is a poem written by Robert Frost. This poem is a great candidate to be one of the world s best and this analysis will unveil why it is so. The poetic devices used in the poem bring forth its deeper meaning which ultimately resonates with the reader s emotions. However not only this poem is great because of the literary experience it gives but it is also beautiful on a simple structural level. First lets look at the structural aspectRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken1257 Words   |  6 Pages Critical Analysis on â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Why is it so common for people to regret the path they have chosen in life? Robert Frost attempts to answer this question throughout the poem by using many literary devices. In other terms, the poet is alluding to a lesson in everyones life; Once a path is being determined, it is inevitable to change the choices because they are in the past. The poet uses imagery to create a visual picture in the readers head of two paths in the woods with the freedomRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost And Death, Be Not Proud798 Words   |  4 PagesComposition 22 April 2015 Poetic Analysis â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost and â€Å"Death, be not proud† by John Donne are two poems with different meanings but share one of many of the same themes. Although the poems share different meanings as a whole, the reader can conclude the same common theme from both of these poems. Even though the reader may think the poems lack a same common theme, the theme is revealed by the end of both these poems. These two poems share the same theme of hopes andRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost983 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken was written by Robert Frost, a four-time Pulitzer Prize winner in poetry, and also a special guest at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration (Robert Frost Biography). Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California and he died of complications from prostate surgery on January 29, 1963. Much of Robert’s popularity was gained throughout Europe (An Analysis of Robert Frost’s P oem: The Road Not Taken). Frost became a poetic force, and the unofficial poet

Pharmaceutical Sector in Seeking Market Entry

Question: Discuss about the Pharmaceutical Sector in Seeking Market Entry. Answer: Introduction: Economic development determines the causes and impacts on the health of the population of a country. It is determined by the pharmaceutical industry existing in the country. The role of the pharmaceutical industry is to discover, create and develop, produce, and market the productions for use as medications. The pharmaceutical firms deal with generic and brand medications. Several medical devices also fall under the product domain of the industry. This industry is different in different countries according to the countries' rules and regulations regarding the health sector. As stated by Desai (2015), the laws incorporate patents, tests, safety, efficacy, and marketing the products. This industry contributes to the well-being of people by providing both health care and economic assistance. The pharmaceutical sector absorbs a huge portion of the labour force of a country. The industry provides benefits to the socio-economic structure by creating jobs, supply chains, and community devel opment. It is also responsible for several technological innovations which increase efficiency by reducing the cost of production. The pharmaceutical industry has shown a growth rate of eight percent on an average, all over the world. As stated by Duggan, Garthwaite and Goyal (2016), worldwide around $650 billion USD turnover has been presented by the industry. The economy of the United Kingdom was a major player in the European Union which had presented a share of a twenty-eight percent of the turnover. In terms of volume, the developing countries are way ahead of the developed nations like the United Kingdom due to their size, population, diseases, and other reasons. For the United Kingdom, the pharmaceutical industry as generated a huge trade surplus over the past ten years. According to Gernaey, Cervera and Woodley (2012), the surplus was accounted more than 2.8 billion in the year 2013. In this country, the people working in the pharmaceutical industry earn more than their counterparts from other industries. The pharmaceutical industry of the United Kingdom shows a bright future due to its consistent succes s in research and development wing. According to Jenkins and Oram (2013), for this purpose, every year, the company uses a huge portion of the resources available. The outcomes deliver mostly positive results making the investments worthy. This is the core of the pharmaceutical industry. The health conditions and the diseases which are known to the humankind are changing with time. As stated Morel, Popa and Simoens (2014), it requires a lot of research and development to evolve the available products to meet the purposes which the new situations demand. It also involves creating new ideas to fight the diseases which still do not have a cure. The pharmaceutical industry of India incorporates branded drug manufacturers, generic drug creators, biopharmaceutical producing and developing companies, manufacturers of non-prescription drugs, and the researchers who look for new drugs, and solutions for different diseases. As stated by Garavaglia et al. (2013), the research and development activities in this country are mainly sponsored by the universities, hospitals and nursing care units, and several research centers. In terms of volume, India stands fourth with eight percent share, making the country the thirteenth in terms of value. Political Economy of the target country: After globalization, the economy of India grew rapidly to become a $1.3 trillion USD economy. According to Horner (2013), the country has its self sufficient agricultural sector and a moderate industrial base. The financial sector and the service sector of the country have grown to be stable and become one of the biggest in the world. Before the Global Financial Crisis, the country had shown an average growth rate of 8.8 percent. Due to some turbulence in the trade sector, the country's growth got halted and resumed during 2009-11 financial years with 8.4 percent growth rate. The population of the country is over 1.21 billion, the second highest in the world. The country consists of a large middle-class domain, which mainly determines the economic activities in the country. According to Roschangar, Sheldon and Senanayake (2015), the demographic advantages fuel the countrys development. The number of people working in the technical production process of the country is huge, creating a large market for the pharmaceutical industry. The Indian pharmaceutical industry grew during the period 1995 2008. The production performance of the country improved significantly since during this period. Presently, the pharmaceutical industry in the country is a $19 billion industry which shows the scope of tremendous growth in the coming years. The pharmaceutical industry is the second largest regarding exports, exporting to more than hundred countries all over the world. A higher investment in the countrys health industry can earn a large profit for the domestic countrys pharmaceutical sector. The political scenario of India is stable under the BJP leader Narendra Modi, who has promised the Indian citizen an inclusive growth with the help of the Foreign Direct Investment. The United Kingdom has a colonial history with the country making the idea of expansion a strong one. The new economic activities in the country have been stirred due to the demonetization policy of the government authorities creating a window for investin g in the countrys market. The forecasts by different economists along with those, who are working for the Reserve Bank o India, have suggested that the country will keep on witnessing a growth rate over 6.5 percent for many years. This is way greater than the other developing nations. The reason behind this is the advantageous demographic profile of the country and an existing robust service sector. The Information Technology sector of the country has shown a rapid growth, based on which the country became a major offshore business service provider. According to Khanna (2012), the government of India has given priorities to the reform of the public sector, agriculture, removing labour regulations, rural and backward development, and infrastructure. These reforms have made the country attractive towards the investors from the foreign economies. As stated by Schuhmacher et al. (2013), the rate of interest rate in the country is open to investments. The Foreign Domestic Investments in India comes through some promotional routes which have been created by the government to encourage foreign investors investing in the Indian economy. For example, there exists Automatic route which allows Foreign Domestic Investment to get in the economy without any prior allowance of the government and the Reserve Bank of India. The Government route requires the Foreign Domestic Investments to gather allowance before entering the Indian market. As stated by Jong (2013), this process takes more time but offers a better involvement of in the boom that has been forecasted by the economists. The pharmaceutical industry of the United Kingdom can make a clear profit both in monetary terms and in social terms as given below: Being a part of the economic boom which awaits India will help the economy of the United Kingdom to improve in the post-Brexit period. The colonial tie between the countries will play a huge role in his regard. The post-Brexit period offers the economy a tremendous opportunity to incorporate employees from all over the world without giving any importance to the European providers. The educated Indian labour force offers the economy of the United Kingdom an efficient production process with the diversified working environment. According to DiMasi, Grabowski and Hansen (2016), this will also help the United Kingdoms pharmaceutical industry to create a better reputation all over the world. Location Advantage: Understanding the future of the pharmaceutical industry of the United Kingdom in the foreign market of India requires a proper analysis of the business environment of the Indian market. This purpose can be best meet by the Porter Diamond Framework as given below: As the figure above shows the pharmaceutical industry of India where the industry of the United Kingdom is planning to enter has the following characteristics: Power of the suppliers of the inputs: India being a large country with plenty of different kinds of resources and very populated has a large number of suppliers of the inputs that are needed in the production of drugs and other health care products. According to Michelino et al. (2015), the government policies are created in order to facilitate both the suppliers and the producers. The producers get the help from the government through subsidies and tax cuts. The strength of the labour union in the suppliers market is not at par to the requirement, providing the suppliers less power than its potential. As a result, the large number of suppliers has made them price takers. Threat of substitute products and drugs in the market: The pharmaceutical industry of India is on its way to become the third in the world in the category of the volume of the market. This makes there are many producers operating in the country. It means, the products being sold in the market are easy replaceable. Other countries who are trade partners of India like the United States of America will challenge the goods which will be provided by the British industry. According to Roemer (2013), the firms operating in the pharmaceutical industry survives by constant research and developing new strategies, innovating products, identifying new diseases, and creating better drugs and other products. Hence, there lies a huge threat of substituting products in pharmaceutical market of India. Power of the consumers in the market of pharmaceutical products: Due to high population in the country the number of buyers in the pharmaceutical market is high, making the consumers price takers. They have no control over the market prices. The products of this industry face an in elastic demand curve. This means, no matter what the price is, the consumers will pay to avail the products. The pharmaceutical industry of the United Kingdom thus has an incentive to enter into the Indian market. The population size also ensures high revenue level in the case of a successful product launch. Barriers to entry in the pharmaceutical products market of India: The barriers to enter the market of any country come from two sides. One is the government rules and regulations and the other is the market competition which works as barriers. In the case of India, the government rules and regulations are right now in the favour of Foreign Domestic Investment which makes entering the market of the country easily. The market competition is high in India since the globalization of 1990. To survive in this market, the firms have to invest more on marketing the products along with the research and development. Consistent evolving can make a firm in this industry sustainable in India. Competition in the market of pharmaceutical industry in India: According to Gassmann, Reepmeyer and Zedtwitz (2013), the pharmaceutical industry of India is expected to grow over fifteen percent in the next five years. By the year 2020, the industry India will value $55 billion USD. This makes entering the market of India more lucrative for the industry of the United Kingdom. The Pharma Vision 2020 unveiled by the government of India which allows foreign firms to join in the market faster. This increases the competition in the market. According to Sams (2013), the major players currently operating in the Indian market are Sun Pharmaceutical, Lupin Ltd, Dr. Reddys Laboratories, and Cipla. These companies have the major market share. The competitive market structure of India can offer the Pharmaceutical industry of the United Kingdom a healthy competition. To understand the advantages and disadvantages of operating in the pharmaceutical industry of India, the following table is provided. Advantages: Disadvantages: India has the center spot in Asia and with a huge market structure ensuring a big consumer domain. India being a fast growing economy has the potential of generating high revenue. With the huge market size, the pharmaceutical industry of India has the potential to grow to be one of the biggest industry holders. Products of the pharmaceutical industry of India can be distributed all over Asia due t its geographical location. Lower cost of production of the country will generate more profit. The skilled labour force of India will perform better in this industry with the proper implementation of the available resources and technologies. The market of Australia can be reached easily from India. India offers low cost of research and development. India possesses a growing biotechnology industry. The household income of the population in India is fast rising. The government India provides incentives to the investors which makes creating a plant easy. Colonial tie between the two countries. The high competitiveness of the market can edge out a firm which fails to produce innovative results. Issues with security and discipline. Patent protection laws are weak in the country making product reengineering easy for the competitors. The prices of the products has to be approved by the government which means government intervention it e country is high. Competition from the neighbour country China is growing with time. Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of the Indian Market. Source: As created by the author. Market Entry: The market entry strategies that are available for the Indian market are: Fully owned manufacturing facilities. Joint venture with an existing firm. Merging and Acquisition. Contract manufacturing. According to Dutt and Vidal (2016), the United Kingdom being one of the biggest stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry has all these market entry strategies as option. Choosing between these will need a detailed analysis in the grass root level. The present scenario of the two countries gives the option of Merging and acquisition as the best possible market entry strategy. Explanation: According to Jungmittag, Reger and Reiss (2013), entering the Indian market with fully owned manufacturing facilities will cost a huge amount of money to the firms of the United Kingdom pharmaceutical industry while the return from the industry is still unsure. Joint venture with an existing firm will bring in the firms of the United Kingdom less profit which it can achieve by working to its full potential. Contract manufacturing itself will possess a dead end for a firm with its low innovative ideas. It will decrease a firms sustainability. According to Sheela and Karthikeyan (2012), merging and acquisition hold bright future for a firm entering the market of India. The acquisition is the best option as it adds up the experience of both the firms. The acquired firm has the knowledge of the market and industry as well, which can be used in favour of the parent firm. It will reduce the market risks that are a part of the Indian market. It will also make the integration easier for the new firm. Finding employees and staffs for the new firm will be easier this way. The economies of scale can also be achieved readily by this market entry strategy. According to Song (2016), it will also reduce the promotion costs for the foreign firm. The market distribution channel will be readily available, which will increase efficiency for the firm. Modes of operation: According to DiMasi, Grabowski and Hansen (2016), the potential implementation and the post entry issues hold the major risks for using the merging and acquisition strategy while entering the Indian market. It possesses the primary day to day challenges with new systems which might be unstable. As stated by Comanor and Scherer (2013), the acquisition might change people's jobs in the same firm or change the required skill sets. Thus, the acquisition must consider the views of the consumer domain and align with the new processes. The marketing management risks are lower in this strategy as the previous experience of the old firm are there to be used as the guidelines for the acquiring firm. Using the existing market strategy with required updates can help the company in the quick expansion. According to Kabir (2013), the management can face significant challenges after acquisition regarding the employees as their rising uncertainty about the new firm's targets and intentions. The change of production and marketing strategy can confuse the employees about their roles in the production process. Due to the change in hierarchy, the current managers can get troubled to cope up with the changes and challenges that the market can present in front of the organization. The strength of the human resource management faces various challenges to make the employees understand about their new determined roles. According to Bouet (2015), the allocation of available resources changes with the new strategy. It can hamper the production process of the firm. It will directly hit the earning capability of the company. According to Guler and Nerkar (2012), it can become a challenge for the Human Resource department retaining the diversity during the transition. The consumer relationship also faces problems due to the change of authority. The change of quality and prices associated with the change might hamper the reputation of the firm. Conclusion: The Indian market for the pharmaceutical industry is huge than most of the developing countries. India has a favourable geographical position for exporting the products all over the Asia and even Australia. The pharmaceutical industry of the United Kingdom is one of the largest in the world in the terms of its share in the world market while India is leading due to its large volume. The combination of both can create a huge potential for the industries of the two countries after joining. The portfolio report shows that entering the Indian market has a huge profit earning potential for both the countries. It makes both the countries Pareto efficient. The negative traits of the Indian market can cause risks for the firms of the United Kingdom, but those can be avoided with proper strategy implementation. The best market entry strategy for the firms of the United Kingdom is Merging and acquisition. The advantages of the location can be utilised to earn sustainability in the Indian marke t. References: Bouet, D., 2015. A study of intellectual property protection policies and innovation in the Indian pharmaceutical industry and beyond. Technovation, 38, pp.31-41. Comanor, W.S. and Scherer, F.M., 2013. Mergers and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of health economics, 32(1), pp.106-113. de Jong, H.W., 2013. The structure of European industry. Springer Science Business Media. Desai, S.R., 2015. Competitive dynamics An empirical analysis of large pharmaceutical companies in India. DiMasi, J.A., Grabowski, H.G. and Hansen, R.W., 2016. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: new estimates of RD costs. Journal of health economics, 47, pp.20-33. Duggan, M., Garthwaite, C. and Goyal, A., 2016. The market impacts of pharmaceutical product patents in developing countries: Evidence from India. The American Economic Review, 106(1), pp.99-135. Dutt, N. and Vidal, E., 2016. Small Changes, Big Growth: The Relationship between Divestitures and Knowledge Growth in the Global Pharmaceutical Industry. Garavaglia, C., Malerba, F., Orsenigo, L. and Pezzoni, M., 2013. A simulation model of the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry: A history-friendly model. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 16(4), p.5. Gassmann, O., Reepmeyer, G. and von Zedtwitz, M., 2013. Leading pharmaceutical innovation: Trends and drivers for growth in the pharmaceutical industry. Springer Science Business Media. Gernaey, K.V., Cervera-Padrell, A.E. and Woodley, J.M., 2012. Development of continuous pharmaceutical production processes supported by process systems engineering methods and tools. Future medicinal chemistry, 4(11), pp.1371-1374. Guler, I. and Nerkar, A., 2012. The impact of global and local cohesion on innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, 33(5), pp.535-549. Horner, R., 2013. Strategic decoupling, recoupling and global production networks: Indias pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Economic Geography, p.lbt022. Jenkins, J.O. and Oram, S., 2013. Water use attitudes in the UK pharmaceutical industry. Water and Environment Journal, 27(4), pp.575-580. Jungmittag, A., Reger, G. and Reiss, T. eds., 2013. Changing innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: globalization and new ways of drug development. Springer Science Business Media. Kabir, M.I., 2013. Reverse logistics in pharmaceutical industry. International journal of supply chain management, 2(1). Khanna, I., 2012. Drug discovery in pharmaceutical industry: productivity challenges and trends. Drug discovery today, 17(19), pp.1088-1102. Michelino, F., Lamberti, E., Cammarano, A. and Caputo, M., 2015. Measuring open innovation in the Bio?Pharmaceutical industry. Creativity and Innovation Management, 24(1), pp.4-28. Morel, T., Popa, C. and Simoens, S., 2014. Market watch: Are orphan drug companies the pick of the pharmaceutical industry?. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 13(1), pp.10-10. Roemer-Mahler, A., 2013. Business conflict and global politics: the pharmaceutical industry and the global protection of intellectual property rights. Review of International Political Economy, 20(1), pp.121-152. Roschangar, F., Sheldon, R.A. and Senanayake, C.H., 2015. Overcoming barriers to green chemistry in the pharmaceutical industrythe Green Aspiration Level concept. Green Chemistry, 17(2), pp.752-768. Sams-Dodd, F., 2013. Is poor research the cause of the declining productivity of the pharmaceutical industry? An industry in need of a paradigm shift. Drug discovery today, 18(5), pp.211-217. Schuhmacher, A., Germann, P.G., Trill, H. and Gassmann, O., 2013. Models for open innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Drug Discovery Today, 18(23), pp.1133-1137. Sheela, S.C. and Karthikeyan, K., 2012. Financial performance of pharmaceutical industry in India using dupont analysis. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(14), pp.84-91. Song, C.H., 2016. Understanding the aftermath of Brexit: implications for the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical Medicine, 30(5), pp.253-256.

Intro to Humanities free essay sample

It Is termed Classical Humanism because It was born during that time period. Classical Humanism had an Impact during the Renaissance Era. An example of classical humanism is reflected through the Athens Acropolis. This is the trademark monument of Athens and of Greece. Surrounded by the new Athens, the Parthenon still stands proudly over It, a reminder of the old aura of the city. The Acropolis and its Parthenon are the ultimate achievement of the citys classical architecture and symbol of greatness. Parthenon is a building which was burnt by Persians when it was under construction.It is basically a construction of a Greek temple dedicated to Greek goddess Athena Palls or Parthenon (virgin). The Parthenon Is a temple of the Doric order with eight columns at the facade, and seventeen columns at the flanks, conforming to the established ratio of 9:4. This ratio governed the vertical and horizontal proportions of the temple as well as many other relationships of the building like the spacing between the columns and their height. We will write a custom essay sample on Intro to Humanities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most amazing fact about this perfect achievement Is that Its columns are made In a zigzag as to give the Impression that Its foundations are straight. The combination of Doric mottoes and the Ionic frieze on the walls are considered unique masterpieces. On the east side, the mottoes depict the fight of the Gods against the Giants, and on the east side, the Lappet battle against the Centaurs. The south side shows the triumph of the Greeks against the Amazons and the north the victory of the Athenian on the Trojan. The frieze that covers the sides of the temple depicts the most important religious festival in Ancient Greece, the Pantheon. The designs include the figure of Gods, animals, and more than 360 humans.The temples two pediments show the birth of Athena and the fight between her and Poseidon for the name of the city. Elgin The Athens acropolis, Pantheon, was built ring the classical period and dedicated to some aspect of the god Athena. The architecture and decoration was mirrored to reflect interests of the people of Greece and symbolism of greatness. Reference www. Witches. CBS. Deed/sacredness/acropolis. HTML www. Goddess-Athena. Org/Museum/Temples/Parthenon/ www. Ancient-Greece. Org/architecture/Parthenon. HTML FIFO Question #1 : Discuss the role of Christian monasticism in sustaining European civilization during the early Middle Ages. Refer to specifically to monasticism contributions to the arts, learning, and education from the age of Charlemagne to Peter Ballard. Christian monasticism is a calling that very early believers pursued. All of the early believers had three essential vows: poverty, chastity, and obedience. They all believed that they are dedicating ones life to prayer and devotion to the sprit. Giving up on materials possessions provided a way to dedicating ones life to shadowing Chrisms apostles was the road to salvation.The first European area to adopt monasticism was Ireland and later spread to France. It spread of monasticism lead to great influences in the areas artistic expression, learning, and education. The early expression of monastic influence in architecture was seen in the building of the great Abbey of Carolingian Age which is known as the plan of SST. Gall. It was centered by the theme of a great church. The church was always the most imposing feature of a monastic complex. By its size and hierarchical complexity, it expressed many of the aspirations of the community to which it belonged.It also gave some indication of the Anneal and prosperity of the monastery and, inside, would probably commemorate patrons who provided sustained support to the community. The most precious unman remains in a monastic church were the relics of saints preserved in shrines behind the high altar. The Church became a center for learning, with the monks becoming cultural carriers transmitting the written treasures of the past by preserving and copying ancient texts. An example of this would be Horsiest. Horsiest rote books about Christian legends and wrote Roman dramas with an Christian spin to it. Often, the only literate members of society were the monks/priest. It was the monks who made and transmitted written copies of the Bible and other ancient Norms from generation to generation. They organized some of the first libraries. They conducted scientific and other research to benefit the surrounding communities. They were expert farmers who were able to pass on the benefits of their expertise to peasants on the large manors. Monasticism has played a vital role in the creation, preservation, and transmission of culture.This is especially true of the Christian Monasticism during the Middle Ages. References: http://www. Misapplications. Org/ http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Monastic_school Adventures in the Human Spirit, Philip Bishop DEEDED Intro to Humanities Unit 3 writing assignment Question #2: Define three essentials elements of the baroque style in the arts and illustrate these elements with three details examples of baroque art. Choose your examples from two different artistic media (painting, music, architecture, sculpture period in Western European art music from about 1600 to 1750.The Baroque period is a style that uses excessive motion and simply interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance and music. The desire to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses in dramatic way is the basic principle of the baroque period. One of the best illustrations of the baroque period is through music. Contrast is an important Ingredient in the drama of a baroque composition. The differences between loud and soft, solo and ensemble, different instruments and timbres all play an important role in many baroque compositions.Composers also began to be more precise about instrumentation, often specifying the instruments on which a piece should be played instead of allowing the performer to choose. Also unity of mood is another key to baroque music. What is happy will be happy throughout and what is sad continues to the end. Composers molded the musical language to fit mood. Some definite rhythms ND melodic patterns are used to define certain moods and expressions. The prime exception of this characteristic to this baroque principle of the unity of mood is drastic changes of emotions in the text may inspire corresponding changes in music.But even in such cases, the certain mood will continue for quite some time before it changes to another. Images are direct, obvious, and dramatic. Another illustration of the elements of the Baroque period is through Art. The Baroque art shares the all the same principles of its era. It tries to draw the viewer into the scene and is emotionally intense in its depictions. It will be physically and psychologically real while using dramatic use of color and contrasts of light to dark. The Crucifixion of Saint Peter is exemplifies the elements of the baroque period. In this painting, SST.Peter is being crucified. He asked to be hung from his cross upside-down as not to imitate his Lord. Rhea divine light shines on Peter while the faces of the Romans are masked by shadows. The architecture in the Baroque period was used in two main ways, churches and palaces. Complex architectural plan shapes, often based on the oval, and the dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces were favored to heighten he feeling of motion and sensuality. Other characteristic qualities include grandeur, drama and contrast (especially in lighting), rounded, and twisting elements.Architects like to apply bright colors and vividly painted ceilings. An example of this is shown through the new SST. Palls Cathedral in London. The Baroque period was extremely influential in this time period and has been shown throughout the various artistic medias. References: http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/drogue_architecture http://www. Bilbo. Org/won/paint/glow/baroque/ Unit 4 writing assignment Question #2: Evaluate modernity as a shaping force in nineteenth-century Western Civilization, noting both its positive and negative effects as reflected in the works of artists and thinkers of the industrial age.Modernism began in the nineteenth century and it has closely been known with industrialization and arbitration. During 19th century, the world observed the rapid areas. This had a profound influence in artists and thinkers of this era. Many artists set aside the traditional limitations of art and began to depict contemporary life through experimental forms and new ways. These new attitudes were reinforced by scientific discoveries of the time that seemed to question the solidness of the real Nor and the reliability of perception.The nineteenth century saw the development of synthetic pigments for artists paints, providing vibrant shades of blue, green, and {allow that painters had never used before. This is seen through several artists. An example would be Manatees Boating. Almost all the modern artists tried to move away from reality and move towards pure color or ideas. An example of this is shown through the work of Malachites Black Square. Through abstract art, they could convey message of artistic beauty and vision. Another positive influence of modernity was room the philosophical thinkers like Freud.

Communication across cultures Essay Example

Communication across cultures Essay Example Communication across cultures Paper Communication across cultures Paper The article presents an approach towards the critical interpretation of nonverbal cues from different language with respect to global communication whose importance has increased in the modern world especially due to globalization of international trade. Has been on the. In the introductory paragraph of the article, communication is explained as merely the exchange information that may take broad shape depending on people culture, first knowledge and level of education. Communication is also a way of passing our attitudes, emotions and desires using either spoken or non-spoken language. According to the article, sometimes due to language barriers that exist in passing our emotions and desires, sometime it becomes very crucial to understand the different ways we can improve communication on a global scale especially in this current era where business has been globalized and therefore transactions being made by people from diverse cultural background. Ideally, global communication is the ability to access information and transfer information across cultures throughout the world through listening, speaking and acting. Global communication is specifically very important in the business field due to the manner in which business tractions are carried out in the modern world. It is most important in areas where language barriers and cultural specification critically influence efficiency and quality of communication (Ainsworth, 2013). Communication in business remain a key factor toward s success of any business thus establishing global communication call for effectively understanding both verbal and non- verbal communication alongside interpreting languages into different mode that can be understood by people from diverse culture. The importance and the significance role of global communication was given a lot of weight after the Second World War with technological advancement and increased importance international relations. Global communication has increased its importance more specifically to evolutionary of global trade aided by technological advancements. Global communication is may take two forms with respect to corporate communication (Ainsworth, 2013). For instance, internal communication within a business will involve passage of information from within a business organization for example senior management to subordinate workers. International for of global communication in loves remittance and acquisition of information from international sources that are usually international. Article summary The article presents an illustration of the use of both verbal and non-verbal communication to aid communication global communication in international trade. In most instances, communication barriers arise due to cultural and language differences. In this event verbal and non-verbal cues offers a solution that facilities passage of information between business persons to ensure the transactions are effectively executed. For instance, in the event of language barrier as result of having different languages that each party cannot understanding, non- verbal cues are present ads vital item that offers a communication mean though crude to link the buyers and the seller in the international market (Ainsworth, 2013). In the event of misunderstanding between buyers and the seller, verbal cues offers a good channel through which the information not clearly understood is reinforced. This is most effective where both parties in a transaction are able to verbally communicate. Sometime s in case of language barriers the verbal cues offers a platform for eliminating any doubt and miscommunication by enabling the parties seek the assistance of a language translator. This ensures that message from each party in clear understood despite the challenges encountered in the communication process. According to Ainsworth (2013), every culture is very different and operates under different sets of rules which some of its members take for granted while others accord the required concern unto them. In the article, verbal and non-verbal communication strategies are established as the main drivers for reliable communication. Essentially, the articles tries to figure out the impacts of having a working communication systems across cultures as well as bringing into light the key elements of intercultural communication especially in business fields. Most importantly, according to Ainsworth, it is apparent that most of the worldwide business organizations recognize the impacts and the importance of intercultural communication as well as the significance of verbal and non-verbal communication cues. In fact, it is evident that globalization has played a major role in integrating the impacts of intercultural connections across the globe. Through critical understanding of the generalization in communication, verbal and non-verbal techniques have made the business field accomplish their desired goals and objectives by interlinking individuals and organizations from diverse spheres. However, the efficiency in international communication is profoundly influenced by cultural differences. The major challenge in communication and especially in business terms is that even when the communicating parties approach each other in good will, it is always perceived that miscommunication will likely cut short the endeavor especially in the event of cultural differences between them. More importantly, miscommunication, which is a result of poor use of verbal and non-verbal skills may lead to conflicts or augment the conflict, which may be present even before the meeting of the involved parties. The article goes further to explain the truth about different communication variables such as; time, space and responsibility as well as the personal fate in regards to verbal and non-verbal communication approaches. Critically, the article shows how communication in business practices is affected by global cultural concerns, ethnicity, personal communication techniques; that is the verbal and the non-verbal strategies. Inherently, according to the author of the article, non-verbal communication is the communication that makes sense in the absence of the words. Discussion When comparing this article with the other four read articles, I found there were several similarities as well as differences that were vivid after a critical analysis of the five. Terragni (2010), embarked on the idea that business communication depended fully on the effective application of the verbal and the non-verbal communication approaches. In the second article, the author majored on the idea that gender, ethnicity and cross-cultural differences were key to the effective business communication and that the three have profound impacts on the success of business communication set up, both locally and internationally (Longoria, 2006). In the third article, it was evident that the author recognized that business communication depends much on the efficient and realistic incorporation of individuals from diverse backgrounds as solution to the bigger differences that occur during international business communication processes (Lustig, Koester Zhuang, 2006). In the fourth article, I was able to find out that Martin Nakayama, (2007), wanted to show the world that the best way to communicate both verbally and non-verbally is by understanding that people from diverse cultures have different ways of communicating. In conclusion, all the articles offer a basic understanding of how individuals in communication should be flexible and open to change while in different environments. References Ainsworth, J. (2013). Business Languages for Intercultural and International Business Communication: A Canadian Case Study. Business Communication Quarterly, 76(1), 28- 50. Doi: 10.1177/1080569912471186 Longoria, R. (2006). Communication across cultures. interactions, 13(2), 28. Lustig, M. W., Koester, J., Zhuang, E. (2006). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures. Pearson/A and B. Martin, J. N., Nakayama, T. K. (2007). Intercultural communication in contexts. Terragni, G. (2010). Communication across cultures. arq: architectural research quarterly, 14, 193.

What Skills Will You Need in the Future

What Skills Will You Need in the Future What Skill Will Be in High Demand in the Future What would your life looked like in ten years? If you had a chance to take a glance into the future, I bet you’d find yourself pushing forward the career of your dreams. Though, constant mechanization of the working process and replacement of the human resources by computers and various automatic systems add fuel to the fire of the world’s panic attack on career opportunities. Before you throw over your laptop and rush to sign up for each and every skill-training courses, such as cuisine or management classes, stop for a second and give it a thought. What if you already have necessary skills to pursue a new career? Knowing how to cook ravioli or making a worthy PowerPoint presentation will definitely come in hand to get some extra income or for your personal boost, it may occur that your degree has already given you the skills and abilities you need to possess. The Atlantic has published a report highlighting the six most crucial features driving the labor opportunity market of 2025. The growth in impact of the digital world, the ability to examine big data and interpret it, figuring out an applied aspect and cross-world interactions are outlined as the engine of progress of the employment criteria in the future. Technical Thinking: Do We Understand the Numbers? The technological progress is now flourishing faster than we could ever imagine, providing the humanity with outstanding accomplishments in all fields of science and everyday life, heading to the apogee of the engineering thought. Though, computers provide us with great amount of data, the understanding of what the given numbers mean and their interpretation leaves much more work to complete. The ability to analyze the information and numbers will remain in priority. Social Intelligence and Cross-world Collaboration The same way a small group project or any team work require decent directing and managing skills, larger and broader companies and institutions have a strong need in administrating and supporting the international collaboration and keeping the world web interactions in sustainable order. Flexibility and Quickness of Thinking The basic marketing approaches will be always in demand as long as there are products and customers. Though, analyzing the target audience and keeping track of novelties and mainstreams in the society will not remain the only resources for marketing departments. In order to be on top, the ability to get ahead of other players is absolutely crucial. The speed rate of the decision-making and awareness of the significance of the presentation to the investors and shareholders will determine the level of success of your work. Working with a market implies a great deal of ingenuity. A Mindful Design Process There’s a big variety of development techniques for successful project management. Obtaining at least a couple of such techniques in your arsenal will lead ahead in managing any working processes. Understanding the software development life cycle is a great ability the employers are already looking for in their employees.

Visual Heirarcy and Mind Motion in Printed Advertising Research Paper

Visual Heirarcy and Mind Motion in Printed Advertising - Research Paper Example Gestalt psychological theory is the basis upon which the concept of hierarchy is construed. This 20th century German theory recommends that the human intellect has an instinctive organizing propensity that â€Å"structure individual elements, shapes or forms into a coherent, organized whole† (Ian, 2008, p.256). The word Gestalt in English means â€Å"form,† â€Å"shape,† or â€Å"pattern† (Rune, 2010). Ideally, when a visual component set its self apart from the ‘whole’ shaped by a person’s intellect perceptual organization, it becomes very conspicuous in the eye of the observer. Usually, the shapes that are the most conspicuous are those that highly set themselves apart from their surroundings and identified by the viewer through mind motion. As a matter of fact, the human brain uses distinctive physical characteristics to differentiate objects from others. These characteristics can be categorized into four aspects including character, alignment, size and color. The aspect of color, which perceives texture, includes saturation, hue, and value. Size explains the surface area of a structure while alignment is the aspect that describes the array of structures with regards to their orientation, direction, or pattern (Feldsted, 1950). Character is the curvilinearity and rectilinearity of structures. In view of this, a distinction between structures can be drawn from the differences in these characteristics. ... ar is organized with respect to the significance of each concept, the visual hierarchy in print advertisement is organized in a similar manner (Groeger, 2002). Visual hierarchy is one of the most significant concepts behind effective print advertisements. This paper will study why developing a visual hierarchy and mind motion is important when designing a poster, the theory behind it, and how the very principles can be used to put these concepts into practice. Design is equal to communication The basic idea behind a print design is visual communication. As such, an effective advert designer should able to evidently communicate their thoughts to the audience failures to which they can lose their attention. Interestingly, most people are visual thinkers rather than data processors, and that is why they do not pay attention to huge blocks of information. This happens because people categorize what they see based on â€Å"visual relationships†, instead of taking visual information and processing it uniformly. In the above illustration, chances are that a certain person may fail to notice the two circles but rather notice one red circle and one black circle. The reason why this happens is because, when a person is presented with simple things like two circles, they tend to find a way of differentiating them rather than just observing the two circles. Therefore, people use such differences to make a distinction between objects at attach unique meanings to them. In the above figure, since the level of complexity has been increased, the viewer’s desire to categorize the images in respect to the relationship has become even higher. The basis upon which the shapes are viewed through includes the similarities and the differences. The differences in scale imply that one image is

Multicultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Multicultural Management - Essay Example artment in many areas has become accustomed to the challenges that are being posed by the diversity in the work place and as such there have been efforts to come up with ways of managing this diversity. The combination of work force demographics in the work place has been as result of increased globalization in business which has placed the management of cultural and background differences one of the leading agenda in modern times in many corporate organization. This has been due to increased heterogeneity in gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality due to mix up of people. (Vonslid, 2006) To the organization, this has an advantage of better and quicker decision making, higher creativity and innovation in the work, remarkable success in marketing in foreign communities and countries and also equal distribution of economic opportunities. However, if not well handled, it can lead to increased cost due to high turnover rates, conflicts due to interpersonal differences, and breakdown in communications. The hospitality industry is one of the industries that have a high mixture of people both in customers and in the work force. The diversity in the hospitality industry has been one of the challenges facing many firms in the industry since their survival is based on the quality of services that is offered to the customers. Diversity in the industry is also important due to the diverse customers that it serves. Hence a diverse workforce in the industry will help to serve diverse customers who are served in the industry. Managing this diverse workforce in the industry is poses a challenge in the industry’s human resource department. This paper will explore the strategies that can be used by the human resource department in the industry to successfully handle the diverse work force. The hospitality industry is one of the growing industry industries in the world. Increased globalization and increased outsourcing of businesses has been one of the driving forces in

Al Pacino Essay Example for Free

Al Pacino Essay It is with great pleasure and reverence I present to you, Al Pacino. 2) Al Pacino was born on April 25, 1940 in Manhattan, New York. 1) When he was three years old, he and his mother moved to the South Bronx, which he claims as his hometown. 2) In 1966 he was granted admission to the prestigious Actors Studio where he was taught by renowned actor and coach, Lee Strasburg. 3) The lessons paid off quickly for Al Pacino. 4) In 1967 he won an OBIE award (equivalent to an Off-Broadway Tony), and in 1968, he won a Tony award for â€Å"Does the Tiger Wear a Necktie†. ) In 1971, Al got a shot in a feature film called â€Å"The Panic in Needle Park† where he plays a junkie who gets trapped in the ups and downs of dealing heroin. 1) This performance led him into the role that would propel him to greatness, the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather. 2) The network executives didn’t want Pacino to play the youngest son to Marlon Brando’s Vito Corleone, but at the insistence of Brando, and director Francis Ford Coppola, Al won the part. ) This was the first of four consecutive Oscar nominations, and eight total for his career. 2) After portraying a real New York City undercover detective in Serpico in 1973, and reprising his role as Michael Corleone in 1974’s The Godfather II, Al’s next role was a huge departure from his usual gritty, tough guy roles. 3) In 1975, Al starred as Sonny, a would be bank robber who needs money to get his boyfriend a sex change operation in the movie Dog Day Afternoon. 4) In 1979, Al plays attorney Arthur Kirkland in the movie,†¦and justice for all. Arthur is forced to defend a judge (whom he hates) in a rape trial. Arthur is torn between defending the judge (even though he knows he’s guilty), and human decency. 1) For the next few years, Al’s career had taken a downward turn. 1) Less than expected box office revenues from 1980’s Cruising and 1982’s Author! Author! left many in Hollywood to think the Al had lost his magic. In 1983, screenwriter Oliver Stone and Director Brian De Palma created a vehicle that would launch Al Pacino’s career into the stratosphere. Pacino’s portrayal of Cuban-born drug kingpin Tony Montana in the movie Scarface is legendary Performance was worthy of an Oscar nod, which he didn’t receive. Pacino did finally win his Oscar in 1992. For his spot on performance as retired Army Officer Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman, he won the award, Pacino has done several films since Scent of a Woman, constantly stretching the limits of his craft, and ever bit as masterful today as he was in his heyday of the 1970’s. Al Pacino approaching his 72nd birthday has not slowed down. He is still acting, but not as much for major studio productions, but doing more independent type films and the occasional work on the stage. From a poor kid growing up in the Bronx, to a legendary film icon, Al Pacino has never forgotten his roots, and still claims the Bronx as his home. From having to borrow bus fare to get to auditions, to writing his own ticket, the humble, charismatic star can look back on a career filled with hard work, natural talent and people who believed in him with pride.

Americanization of the Australian Media Essay -- miscellaneous

Americanization of the Australian Media The Australian television and media have become americanised through the influence of American media and television programs in Australia. This research will only concentrate on the extent of Americanisation in Australia through the influence on television and the film industry as the aspect of Americanisation covers a wide range from fashion to language. To fully understand the topic of the hypothesis, proper exploration of the definitions of ‘identity’ and ‘culture’ are of relevance. ‘Identity’ and ‘culture’ play an integral role in what an Australian represents as well as how the world views Australians. The meaning of ‘identity’ can be summarized as; ‘The collective aspect of the set of characteristics by which a thing is definitively recognizable or known’ as well as ‘the set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a member of a group’ (Meriam-Webster 2003). Culture one the other hand, can be simply coined as ‘the way of life’, language and traditions that are common amongst a group of people (Meriam-Webster 2003). The Australian identity and culture is something that is unique and exclusive to its people, word like ‘barby’, ‘g’day mate’ and ‘tinnies’ immediately refers to Australia. Australians pride themselves as hard-working, humourous and jovial people, who love the outdoors and good food. But in recent times we notice that Australians, are not being ‘Australian’ enough. Gone are the days where men wore rabbit-fur and trusty leather work-shoes. New York Yankees caps worn backwards and polished white Adidas Superstar sneakers coupled with denims worn below the hips instead have replaced these. Ten years ago, the mentioned situation could only exist in the United States of America. Today we see it happening in almost all major cities and suburbs in Australia (Mengel 2001, pers. comm., 11 Aug) Throughout the years, we have heard the term Americanisation frequently invoked but seldom defined. Originally, ‘Americanisation’ was the label used to define the assimilation of immigrants and other minorities seeking citizenship in the United States of. In most cases, ‘Americanisation’ was defined broadly as ‘The process by which an alien acquires our language, citizenship, customs and ideas’. (Bell & Bell, 1998:2) The overall term ‘Americanisation’ is most of t... ...sed, as cultural absorbtion not necessarily means that America is exerting dominance over Australia. A somewhat fairer comment on Americanisation would be,â€Å"What’s new about American culture invading Australia? Nothing. Australia might look, absorb, then move on to its own beat† (Mengel 2001, pers. comm. 11 Aug.) According to Mengel, this may be exactly what Australia along with the rest of the world is experiencing. There is no doubt that USA has managed to spread just about everything from fashion to fast food to hip-hop music throughout the world creating a popular culture. Australians may enjoy and appreciate this popular culture, but this by no means making them any less Australian (people still prefer watching cricket to professional wrestling e.g. WWE Smackdown) (Bennett 1999, p.208). An interesting fact is that the USA has its own cultural dilemma, it should be recognized that the US has likewise absorbed diverse cultures and traditions leading to many people to question who or what is a ‘real American’ (Bumbrey S. 1999). The idea of Americanisation should not be ignored but rather regarded as part of the cultural assimilation of the world leading towards globalization.

Climate Change Caused by Human

Examine the role of one human activity in causing climate change With the rapid development of contemporary society, the balance between human and the nature has been destroyed. The increase of globally averaged temperature on the earth’s surface has occurred over the past century. Thus, climate problems have been the initial international issue to be handled. Industrial production is one of human activities causing climate change. Firstly, this essay will analyze how carbon dioxide and small carbon particles lead to climate change.Secondly, this essay will present the cooling effect of Feron on global temperature. Finally, this essay will discuss how deforestation in expanding industrial land changes climate. The combustion of fossil fuels is inevitable in industrial production, because it provides extreme high temperature and continuous heat. It is the direct contributor to climate changes by emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased since industrial revolution.In the past ten years, the situation has deteriorated, as the increase in the concentration has become far quicker than previous predictions (Adam, 2007). The majority of carbon dioxide emission results from fossil fuels. Due to the increasing atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, more sun energy is absorbed and trapped in the atmosphere, enhancing greenhouse effect (NDPI, 2008). Not only greenhouse gases but also carbon particles, consisting of heavy smoke which is produced by burning fossil fuels, are responsible for climate change.These particles gather in clouds, increasing the density of the atmosphere, which causes sun heat radiation be absorbed and trapped inside the earth without being released. With less heat reflecting back to the space, negative impacts on earth’s warming are amplifyed. Consequently, burning fossil fuels in industrial production is a major cause of climate change. Freon, used as refrigerant in some industrial equipment, is another greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.This gas will corrode ozone layer, which helps to prevent ultraviolet rays from reaching the Earth, by several chemical actions; whereas the gas itself plays the role of catalyst, which means it will not reduce when decomposing ozone. If the earth is exposed to excessive ultraviolet rays, humans will suffer from skin diseases and the ecological environment will be under a dangerous condition. The news said that both Antarctic and Arctic sky had holes and the holes were expanding. It is a warning that requires effective measurements to reduce the release of Freon.Contrary to general perspective, the depletion of ozone has a net effect on cooling the Earth’s surface instead of warming it (Hamgurg, 1997). However, this greenhouse gas is still responsible for climate change. In order to enlarge factories, people require more flat lan d, leading to deforestation, which is another cause of climate change in industrial production. Thousands of forests are being cut down every year, posing a serious problem that destroying the balance between carbon and oxygen to the nature.If the area of forests continue to reduce, extra carbon dioxide cannot be absorbed and not enough oxygen can be produced, which means that the nature will lose the capability of adjusting the composition of atmosphere. Without the proper percent of oxygen in the atmosphere, various plants will be unable to survive, resulting in the increasingly severe destruction of the carbon and oxygen balance. Eventually, this negative cycle in the nature enhances climate change. In conclusion, industrial development plays a vital role in climate change.The emission of Feron erodes ozone layers, which cools the temperature; the combustion of fossil fuels in order to gain extreme high temperature and provide continuous heat, as well as deforestation which creat es more space for factories, increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is a significant cause of the warmer climate. Reference: Adam, D. (2007) Carbon output rising faster than forest, say study. The Guardian online. Available at: http://www. guardian. co. k/environment/2007/oct/23/climatechange. canbonemission (Access 17 January 2011) Hamburg, S. R. et al. (1997) What Human Activities Contribute to Climat Change? Washington DC: United Environment Programme-World Meteorological Organization. Available from: http://www. gcrio. org/ipcc/qa/06. html (Accessed 17 January 2011 ) NSW Department of Primary Industries (2008), What is climate change? Available from:http://www. dpi. nsw. gov. au/research/topics/climate-change/cause (Accessed 17 January 2011)

Soc Theory Paper

‘it is always the doctors patient’ This paper will be discussing the struggle of allied health practitioners to achieve professional status. This health issue can be discussed under many different sociological theories however Feminism in particular sociological/ Marxist feminism with touching on post modern feminism also, shows great understanding around the health issues and gives an understanding of the way of health and health care in Australia.It explains how medical dominance in this field overrights the Allied health professional through subordination the allied health professionals being under direct authority of doctors in the hospital system in particular. Feminism also shows that in this field Allied health practioners are predominantly woman and medical professionals hold a patriarchy over allied health and the sexual division of the two. Finally closing point of how many womens health issues in past and present are again predominantly male.Medical dominance, â€Å"the professional dominance of medicine due to doctors† (Fridson 1970). Allied health profressionals struggle to receive professional status in the health industry, due to the fact that doctors and medical professionals hold dominance and â€Å"power† over those knowledge based practioners in an area of a specific field. Medical dominance has a few areas in which it exerts control, subordination being a key area, it ensures some health care workers Eg Nurses, OT’s etc all to work under direct authority of doctors, especially in hospital system (Willis 2004).Sociological feminism looks at the â€Å"ruling class† system, Medical professionals hold the hiearchy position or the upper class level with higher wealth, income funding and power, Allied health is placed in the lower class or the working class due to the fact that they are controlled or dominated by the upper class or the hiarchy or the industry, as they receive less funding and have little co ntrol over receiving their patients due to the fact that doctors write the referrals for the clients to access the allied health professionals.Another issues amoungst allied health in the power struggle with medical dominance is the fact that most allied health positions are filled with females. Because of â€Å"the informal role of woman was to be the carer â€Å" ( Germov 2009), a woman is seen to this begun woman gaining positions as nurses or midwives, as these are seen as caring roles or ‘womens’ jobs’ which then progessed to woman expanding into allied health positions as the access of education became greater to woman,

Hamlet Act I, Scene Iii Analysis Essays

Hamlet Act I, Scene Iii Analysis Essays Hamlet Act I, Scene Iii Analysis Paper Hamlet Act I, Scene Iii Analysis Paper Esteban Pitre 8/27/11 ENC 1102 Literary Analysis: Hamlet Act I, Scene III Lines 55-80 In my attempt to read a small portion of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet I found myself perplexed. Laertes, the son of Polonius, is about to leave for France but warns his sister Ophelia to beware of Hamlet, the prince of Denmark. He fears that Hamlet may compromise her sexually and dishonor her. Ophelia harkens under her brother’s voice but mocks him and instructs him to practice what he preaches. Polonius, the king of Denmark’s counselor, says his goodbyes to his son along with fatherly advice on how to conduct himself. Polonius is coaching Laertes on how to â€Å"act†, how to â€Å"seem†, and how to â€Å"show† himself publicly. As Laertes takes his leave Polonius also warns Ophelia against Hamlet. He believes that Hamlet’s interest in Ophelia is purely sexual, and bluntly orders her to have nothing more to do with him. Ophelia humbly promises to obey. Polonius’ exclaims to Laertes in line 61-67: â€Å"Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried, grapple them unto thy soul with hoops of steel, but do not dull thy palm with entertainment of each new-hatched, unfledged courage. Beware of entrance to a quarrel, but being in, Bear ‘t that th’ opposed may beware of thee. † Polonius lectures Laertes to hold his tongue and to hold his friends close to him, but not to take them for granted. : Furthermore, Laertes is told to beware of any fights with any one, and that no one should even dare to oppose him. Polonius’ final instruction to Laertes in lines 77-79, â€Å"This above all: to thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man. † Laertes is lastly told to be true to himself always (night and day). Most of what Polonius tells his son relates to etiquette, rather than ethical up until the last 3 lines. This worldly counsel includes thrift, moderation, prudence and so forth.

Be Careful About Careless Writing

Be Careful About Careless Writing Be Careful About Careless Writing Be Careful About Careless Writing By Mark Nichol Just the other day, I received an email from my dear friend Mary Fox, who begged me for assistance from afar. The warning lights came on one by one. In the first paragraph, she apologized for not letting me know about her â€Å"journey to Scotland . . . because it was a short notice from my business associate.† She went on to explain, â€Å"I have lost my wallet and other significant Document.† Then she wrote, â€Å"I will be glad if you can render some help in other to settle the outstanding debt of the hotel and other miscellaneous expenses. Please send the money to the following details of mine.† Mark, you ask me, how could you befriend anyone who is such an atrocious and affected writer? The answer: I can’t. My introductory paragraph was spurious. I don’t know anybody named Mary Fox. You’ve probably received a scam letter like this before, perhaps purportedly from someone you actually know. Many people have. And some of them, Lord knows how, fall for it. I blame the publishing establishment. (Stay with me here.) How is it that people can succumb to this pathetic con? Don’t they notice the stilted language obviously not the prose of someone raised speaking and writing English? Do they excuse it by reasoning that Ms. Fox wrote so awfully because she’s emotionally distraught? The problem is, we’re inured to poor writing. We see it all the time online, of course, but also in newspapers and magazines, even in books. The prose of writers with only a tenuous grasp of the basics of English composition is often published with little or no professional mediation, and so we get used to it. And like lumpen proles seduced by propaganda, we can’t recognize a con job when it punches us in the face. The day before dear Mary Fox implored me to come to her assistance, I received, by email, a PDF of a letter that began, â€Å"Congratulations to you as we bring to your notice, the results of the First Category draws of E-MAIL LOTTERY organized by the Canadian Government in conjunction with South Africa government (SA).† Whoo! I was told, â€Å"Please note that your lucky winning number falls within our Afro representative office in (South Africa) as indicated in your electronic play coupon.† Later references were made to â€Å"our Africa agent† and â€Å"our Africa Agent.† (I presume, from the previous quoted sentence, that this person is identifiable by their Afro.) Anyone who fails to note the nearly illiterate writing and falls victim to this scam or similar ones deserves what they get (or, more appropriately, doesn’t deserve what they get taken away from them), but I’m serious when I say that lax standards in publishing contribute to a diminishment of critical-thinking skills among the public. Misinformation and deception are of course often couched in elegant or at least competent language, but the publishing industry does us a disservice by abandoning its traditional role as a provider of exemplary literature and other prose. Many publications and publishers proudly uphold this role, but too many others sacrifice quality for expediency, and the world is a poorer place for it. (And some people are literally poorer for it.) Oh, speaking of poor, don’t worry about poor Ms. Mary Fox: I’m sending her the money she requested, because I won the lottery! Postscript: So that this post lives up to the DailyWritingTips.com mission, I offer these tips: When you receive a written message purporting to be from a friend or a valid institution, make sure the writing quality is appropriate for the source and make no excuses. And, in turn, if you want to be respected, write respectably. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor"Latter," not "Ladder"List of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

British Avante Garde Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

British Avante Garde Films - Essay Example In spite of their seeming records for a status in a new anti-realist genre (including crime films and science fiction film), most of them were placed in the sunset world of lukewarm black and white B-movies. Such censures ultimately could stir the scholars and experts a bit and in recent times there is a sturdy growth in publications on British cinema although compared to the American scene the subject is still suffers from a relative lack of material. The tidy and wide contours the Hollywood cinema attained during the fifties and sixties and profited from the growth of film studies in the seventies. This is yet to be imitated in British cinema. Among the many revealing dealing of British film history Sarah Street's book British National Cinema (published in 1997). Street shows that "there is no such thing as a typical British film" (198). She , in this book has made a much more fascinating study by explaining the range in British movie making while revealing its evident historical trends - a study that could really snub those critics who always jeer at British cinema for not being "particularly interesting or worthy of study" (199). Here, she has traced the growth of the British Film industry, from the Lumiere brothers' first viewing in London in 1896, the manipulative power of Hollywood and the harsh financial disasters that affected British films. Sarah Street uses the ideas of 'official' and 'unofficial' cinema showing how British cinema has been both 'respectable' and 'disreputable' and eventually making us reveal why British cinema has constantly been treated indifferently by the authority and administration. Comparing Britain and Hollywood, Sarah asks what was the real historical and social function of the British 'star system'."British films" are always films that have been produced in England rather than Scotland, Wales and Ireland, or to be even more exact films made in London and its outer suburbs. Another interesting point here is the way "British Cinema" clutches "British-ness", the historical, cultural, social and psychological factors, traditions and values that most frequently linked with the British identity involving the duty to rebuild the British cinematic image implying the national identity. British film industry had the same starts and novelties as its foils in Europe and America and that all through its history it was both part of a larger cinematic society and it had to deal with same challenges as other national film industries. The British cinema has a history as lengthy as the history of cinema itself. There are also directors i n British cinema that can gloriously be entitled as "the inventor of cinema", the most remarkable among them being William Friese-Greene (1855 -1921), a portrait photographer turned film director, who, just like his French and American matching parts, was working for the creation of the cinematographic tools and is referred by many as the initiator in motion photography. He was a creator who conducted tests with moving image devices at the beginning of cinema that, after his death, was claimed

First Solar Turns Sunshine into Profits Case Study

First Solar Turns Sunshine into Profits - Case Study Example Key Marketing Issues As a new entrant to some of Europe’s and North America’s markets, First Solar has some crucial marketing issues to consider. Three of these key marketing issues can be identified as: Identification of marketing forces that would be of greatest advantage to the entry that the company is seeking to undertake Identification of key market competitors and how to develop long term competitive advantages over these competitors How to integrate the advantages of technology into the marketing strategy of the company; so as to have the full benefit of the paradigm shift being created with advanced technology. 1 Which marketing environment forces are likely to have the greatest impact on First Solar? The generalized marketing environmental forces that are likely to affect the competition that First Solar brings on board has to do with external forces that generally inform the decision making cycle of consumers (Marshall, 2008). By this, reference is being made to such factors or forces as economic situation and environmental impacts. First, it would be noted that First solar is operating in a globalised market that is fast becoming concerned with the need to raising market product and service that are highly affordable. This is because of the increasing hardship that the global economy seem to be recording. Experts believe that there continues to be economic hardships among most consumers of energy products as an auxiliary effect of the global economic crunch that was experienced some few years back (The Gleaner, 2008). Because of this, consumers and clients of various products and services are always looking for value for money. With this situation in mind, there is certainly going to be an environmental phenomenon whereby buyers are going to opt for First Solar’s line of product as they are comparatively cheaper to existing sources of energy such as non-renewable energy. Again, there is an environmental impact that is largely go ing to impact on First Solar in a positive way. 2 What types of organizations are most likely to exert the strongest competitive forces on First Solar? Energy companies that introduce products that have alternative resource raw material are likely to face strong competitive force from existing competitors who use the alternative resource raw materials (Baxter, 2005). There is therefore going to be the threat of substitute products or services. In the case of First Solar, it would be realized that their major resource raw material is the use of solar energy. Meanwhile, there are alternative sources of resource raw materials in the renewable energy production industry. Dominant among these resource raw materials is the use of wind energy. Therefore, there is going to be a competitive force from existing competitors who are into the production of wind based renewable energy. Secondly, new entrants have always acted as major competitive forces to existing competitive who might have had long history of doing business such as First Solar (Marshall, 2008). This is because new entrants have a number of factors that pull consumers to them. For instance consumers who are on existing companies would like to compare service and product quality and so may opt for new entrants for a while. Again, new entrants come in with new sources of capital and so often have an economic advantage (Brown, Steven and. Sauder, 2008).

Review of one article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review of one article - Essay Example onal field by offering people a chance at an affordable education regardless of age, but have also raised the bar of academic performance simply by allowing the students to make their own mistakes and learn on their own with mere â€Å"guidance† from their online educators. Indeed, education has reached a focal point where traditional educations might see the emerging educational platforms as a form of â€Å"creative Destruction† while the forward thinkers and future innovators see an avenue of education that will allow for much more development and freedom of learning for the students, at a far lower cost that normally expected. Therefore, it is not right to tag the term â€Å"Creative Destruction† on online education and its supporters. For as long as people the world over have a chance to access higher education at a cost affordable to them, which also allows them the personal growth and learning space needed to become a success in the 21st century, then the objectives of higher education are met. True there is a need for a governing body in order to standardize the online educational process,but that will not erase the fact future business leaders and innovators are fast coming from online rather than traditional educational

Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity in Animals

Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity in Animals A) ANIMALS Swiss albino mice (20-25 g) and wistar rats (150-200 g) of either sex were used for study of in-vivo analgesic activity. Animals were kept under standard laboratory conditions i.e. temprature is 24  ± 2 °C and relative humidity is 60-70%. The study protocol was approved by the institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC) before experiment (Approval No. 1452/PO/a/11/CPCSEA). Albino-Swiss mice were taken from Laboratory Animal House, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur, Rudrapur (U. S. Nagar) and used for the study. The animals were procured from IVRI, Bareilly (U.P.) The animals were kept in polypropylene cages and maintained on balanced ration with free access to clean drinking water. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guide for Care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the Local animal care and use committee. Paddy husk was provided as bedding material, which was cleaned every day. The cages were maintained clean. All o f the animals were left for 2 days in the laboratory for getting used to before the day of experiment and on the last day they were given water only. Minimum of 6 animals were used in each group. B) ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES The acute oral toxicity studies were carried out to study the acute toxic effects and to determine minimum toxic dose of the synthesized compounds. For the study swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were used. The aqueous solution of compounds were administered orally to different groups of over night fasted mice at the doses of 30, 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight. After administration of the compounds, animals were observed continuously for any toxic manifestation for the first three hours. There after, observations were made at regular intervals for 24 hrs. Further the animals were under investigation up to a period of one week. I) ANALGESIC ACTIVITY For the study of analgesisc activity two methods were used. (A) Hot Plate method (B) Acetic caid induced writhing method A) Method 1: Hot plate method186,187,188,189 By applying heat pain is inced to animals. All the animals one by one are kept in the hot plate maintain at constant temperature (55 °C) and there reactions was noted i.e. paw licking or jumping response. Work plan Albino rats of either sex (150-200 g) were selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received 0.5% sodium CMC (1mg/kg) orally. Group 2 : Diclofenac sodium 50mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details The hot plate method is based on the fact that analgesic compounds increases the response time. This method was first described by Eddy Leimbach, where a cut off period of 15 sec is observed to avoid damage to the paw. All the synthesized compounds were dissolved in the CMC (0.5% suspension). After administration of control, standard and test compounds the animals were kept at the hot plate and their reaction time were note at 15, 30, 60 120 min interval. All the doses were given orally to animals. Diclofenac Sodium at dose of 50 mg/kg was used standard drug for comparison. The results so obtained were tabulated in Table 10, 12, 14 and 16 and figure 07, 09, 11 and 13. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p B) Method 2: Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Method186,187,188,189 In this method pain is induced by intraperitoneal (I.P) administration of 0.6% (0.1 ml/10g) acetic acid in mice. Analgesic activity was determined by calculating total number of writhings. Work plan Albino mice of either sex (25-30 g) were used for the study. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received 0.5% sodium CMC (1mg/kg) orally. Group 2 : Diclofenac sodium 20mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 20mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 20mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details All the synthesized compounds were administered intraperitonealy (0.5 ml) as a suspension in sterile 0.9% DMSO solution as vehicle. Diclofenac Sodium at dose of 20 mg/kg was used standard drug for comparison. Acetic acid solution was intraperitonealy administered 30 min after administration of the compounds. 10 min after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid solution, the number of writhings per animal was recorded for 20 min. Control animals received an equal volume of vehicle. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p II) ANTI-PYRETIC ACTIVITY STUDIES:190 For antipyretic activity yeast induced pyrexia model was used for the study. Work plan Albino rats of either sex (150-200 g) were selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received 0.5% sodium CMC (1mg/kg) orally. Group 2 : Peracetamol 100mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 100mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 100mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details For induction of fever in rats, 20% w/v of brewer’s yeast in distilled water was administered by subcutaneous injection. All animals which were used for study, were induced pyrexia by injection of 10 ml/kg of brewer’s yeast solution under the skin in between the shoulder blades. The place of the injection was massaged in order to spread the suspension beneath the skin. Basal rectal temperature was measured before the injection of yeast, by inserting digital clinical thermometer to a depth of 2 cm into the rectum. The rise in rectal temperature was recorded after 19 hours of yeast injection. The rectal temperature was taken after 30, 60, 120, 180 and 300 minutes post treatment. If a drug is having antipyretic effect then there is a fall in the rectal temprature. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p III) ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY: 186,187,188,189 For anti-inflammatory activity carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema method was used. Work plan Albino rats of either sex (150-200 g) were selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received sterile normal saline (0.85% NaCl) orally. Group 2 : Ibuprofen 20mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details This method was described by Winter et al. in 1962. The experimental animals were divided into ten groups, each containing five animals. After 30 min of administration of test compounds, 0.1 ml of 1% (w/v) carrageenin was injected subcutaneously in the subplantar region of the left hind paw. The right paw served as a reference to non inflammed paw for comparison. The initial paw volume was measured within 30 sec of the carrageenin injection by plethysmometer. The relative increase in paw volume was measured in control, standard and test compounds at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after the carrageenin injection. The difference between initial and final readings was taken as the volume of oedema and the percentage inhibition by the compounds was calculated using the formula- where dt is the difference in paw volume in the test compound-treated group and dc the difference in paw volume in the control group. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun 1

Loyalty of Antony and Brutus in Julius Caesar :: William Shakespeare

The Loyalties of Antony and Brutus Antony and Brutus are both loyal, noble men and their loyalties shape their characters, drives their actions, and decides the very future of Rome. Brutus loves Caesar, but he loves Rome more. Antony has no need to choose between his country and best friend. Before Caesar's death both men are guarded and somewhat a secret to the reader. After Caesar's murder, however, their true personalities emerge. Antony and Brutus may seem the same, and that was they are in theory, from their positions, character traits, to the very friend's they keep they are alike almost to a point of absurdity. In practice, though, you will find them rather different due to the mistakes and decisions made by both parties. Was Julius Caesar truly ambitious? For if he wasn?t, then Brutus betrayed a man he loved in vain. He held that he was saving Rome form a tyrant when he plunged the knife into Caesar?s back, literally. It must be by his death: and for my part, I know no personal cause to spurn at him, But for the general. He would be crown'd: How that might change his nature, there's the question. ???????????????.. And then, I grant, we put a sting in him, That at his will he may do danger with. The abuse of greatness is, when it disjoins Remorse from power: and, to speak truth of Caesar, I have not known when his affections sway'd More than his reason (II.i.10-21). Brutus used his knowledge of Caesar to convince himself that it was the right choice he was making. He knew that the power would go to his friend?s head eclipsing his reason and putting his beloved Rome into the hands of a tyrant. Brutus had a choice to make, Rome or Caesar? In the end, his loyalty to Rome exceeded his faithfulness to his close friend. Which poses the question, if Antony truly believed that Caesar would be a horrible dictator, would he have joined the conspirators? From his actions and behavior in the play, he probably would have stood by his friend. When he says, "I shall remember. When Caesar says, ?do this,? it is performed" (I. i. 10-11 ). This sentence proves his devotion to Caesar, for if he did not love him he would not do his bidding with such enthusiasm. It is not inaccurate to say he most definitely would not join the conspirators. Another question is, if Brutus did not truly believe that Caesar was ambitious, would he have joined in plotting his death?